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Sanitation --- Household

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"Competition in public procurement auctions in the water supply and sanitation sector is largely limited. This is partly because of high technical complexity and partly because of auction design flaws. The division of lot contracts is an important policy choice for auctioneers to achieve efficiency. In general, there is a tradeoff between competition in auctions and size of contracts. Larger works could benefit from economies of scale and scope, but large contracts might undermine competition. Using data on public procurement auctions for water and sewage projects in developing countries, this paper shows that bidder entry is crucially endogenous, especially because it is determined by the auctioneer's bundling and unbundling strategy. If water treatment plant and distribution network works are bundled in a single lot package, competition would be significantly reduced, and this adverse entry effect would in turn raise the public procurement costs of infrastructure. There is no evidence of positive scope economies in the bidder cost structure. It is important to account for the underlying cost structure for designing efficient auction mechanisms. "--World Bank web site.

Government purchasing. --- Infrastructure (Economics) --- Sanitation. --- Water-supply.

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Swine influenza --- Influenza viruses --- Health facilities --- Prevention. --- Sanitation

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This volume will serve as a useful tool for those who wish to diagnose, analyze, and take action against systemic corruption in the water and sanitation sectors. On a global scale, more than 1 billion people live without access to safe, potable water, in part because of poor governance and corruption. Illegal connections and substantial losses caused by deferred maintenance have eroded the revenues of water utilities, leading to a downward spiral in performance. Embezzlement of funds, bribes for access to illegal water connections, manipulation of meter counters, and collusion in public contra

Municipal water supply --- Sanitation --- Government policy. --- Corrupt practices. --- Cleanliness --- House drainage --- Sanitary affairs --- Sanitation services --- Sanitation systems --- Cities and towns --- Urban water --- Water, Municipal --- Water, Urban --- Water-supply --- Environmental health --- Hygiene --- Public health --- Sanitary engineering --- Municipal engineering

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Food handling --- Food --- Perishable goods --- Perishable commodities --- Perishables --- Commercial products --- Food quality --- Quality of food --- Quality of products --- Food sanitation --- Handling of food --- Sanitation, Household --- Labeling --- Quality